How does the human body defend itself against pathogens Essay

How does the human body defend itself against pathogens - Essay Example Communicable illnesses are transmitted by germs particularly bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is also important to explicate the fact that there are various points of entry of these germs into the human body. Some of these points of entry include the mouth, nose, and injured areas of the skin. Some illnesses are transmitted by insects such as malaria. There are three defence lines in the body. The first line of defence include the skin, second line of defence include the white blood cells, while the third line of defence involves the lymphatic system. Once germs or pathogens enter into the human body, the body reacts automatically to fight these germs. However, if the body is not in a position to confront these pathogens, the germs react by reproducing themselves and subsequently assault the numerous cells in the body in large numbers. The result is serious illnesses that can be life threatening. Other than pathogens, illnesses can also result due to abnormalities in the body itself. For instance, some diseases such as cancer are caused by abnormalities in the body, as mentioned earlier (Rosdahl and Kowalski, 2008). Nevertheless, the focus in this paper is pathogens. There are various ways that the body defends itself against disease causing pathogens or micro-organisms. The skin is the outer coating of the human body. In simple terms, the skin functions as a tool that blocks or barricades disease causing pathogens from entering the body. The outer layer of the skin is known as epidermis. This layer is important in defending the body against pathogens as it functions as a wall or blockade that blocks grime and pathogens out. The components that make up the skin are structured in a very compact way such that disease causing micro-organisms can penetrate only in case the skin is injured. The skin also prevents the entry of pathogens through notifying or sending signals to the immune system of an impending

The Importance of Developing and Using Cultural Stereotypes to Improve Essay - 1

The Importance of Developing and Using Cultural Stereotypes to Improve Cross-Cultural Communication - Essay Example Throughout history, humans have experienced both fascinations with and trepidation towards the other - understood as different nationalities, but also [as] any group of people perceived as different - perhaps in terms of so-called ethnicity, religion, political alignment, class or caste, or gender (Eunson, 2005). Thus, communication techniques should be based on certain cultural stereotypes, which should be taken into account in intercultural communication. The given paper will prove that learning and developing cultural stereotypes will help improve intercultural communication. It is determined that individual from a certain state may apply his own communication techniques during business negotiations or simply communicating with people from the foreign country he visited on vacation (Carbaugh, 1990). His behavior may not be typical for the country he arrived in. This atypicalness may cause difficulties or even frustration. In negotiations, for example, there can be dramatic differences in the way people define their opening positions, use tactics, persuade and listen. Even the practice of haggling over a price is an integral part of some cultures - which many revel in and Thus, the study of cultural stereotypes is necessary for effective cross-cultural communication. If one makes attempts to generalize about the behavior of people from the certain culture, he may need to identify, which age or society group of that particular culture he analyses. The region of the country a person came from should be also taken into account (York, 1994). Though it is necessary to learn and develop cultural stereotypes, this process contains a lot of difficulties that should be overcome. Scientists create special models to help overcome these difficulties (Mearns, 2009). When the primary variant of Hofstede's model of culture was introduced in the 1980s, it drew the attention of many scientists at once. The approach of the model is unique, and it is significant not only because of considering definite cultures but for making comparisons (Fishburn, 1995).